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Salivary Glands and Saliva

Salivary Glands and Saliva

The salivary glands, of which there are three pairs known as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and initiating the digestive process. Positioned near the ears, beneath the masseter muscle, the parotid glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity through the parotid duct of Stensen. Meanwhile, the submandibular glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva through channels named submandibular ducts. The sublingual glands,...

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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

Relationship between Saliva and Sublingual Immunotherapy.

Aiko Oka¹, Mitsuhiro Okano¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, 852 Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba Prefecture 286-0124, Japan.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 27, 2021

Summary

Allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT) shows promise, but predicting outcomes is key. Salivary biomarkers, including microbiome composition and antibodies, may predict sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) success and improve treatments.

Keywords:

IgG4 allergic rhinitis microbiome saliva sublingual immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiome research
Allergy treatment

Background:

Allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT), particularly sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), is increasingly used for allergic diseases due to its effectiveness and safety.
Predicting SLIT outcomes and identifying adjuvants remain challenges, as not all patients respond optimally.
Saliva is a key biological fluid interacting with SLIT, with its properties potentially influencing treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore salivary biomarkers for predicting sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) outcomes.
To investigate the role of salivary components, including microbiome and antibodies, in SLIT efficacy.
To identify potential bacterial adjuvants for enhancing SLIT effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Review of recent findings on salivary biomarkers and their association with SLIT.
Analysis of metagenomic sequencing data to determine salivary microbiome composition.
Measurement of salivary and serum antibodies (IgG4, IgA) post-SLIT.

Main Results:

Salivary properties like pH and microbiome composition may correlate with SLIT outcomes.
Increased levels of salivary IgG4 and IgA antibodies are observed after SLIT and may indicate treatment efficacy.
Specific salivary bacteria show potential as biomarkers for patient selection and as adjuvants to improve SLIT.

Conclusions:

Saliva contains promising biomarkers for predicting sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) success.
The salivary microbiome and antibody profiles offer avenues for personalized allergy treatment.
Further research into salivary biomarkers could lead to improved SLIT strategies and patient outcomes.