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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Electrowetting-based Digital Microfluidics Platform for Automated Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Published on: February 23, 2020

Colorimetric Sensing with Gold Nanoparticles on Electrowetting-Based Digital Microfluidics.

Zhen Gu¹, Jing-Jing Luo¹, Le-Wei Ding¹

¹Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.

|November 27, 2021

Summary

Digital microfluidics (DMF) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) enables sensitive, label-free colorimetric sensing. This study confirms AuNP stability and minimal evaporation effects for reliable in-situ detection.

Keywords:

analytical instrument colorimetric sensing digital microfluidic electrowetting gold nanoparticle

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Microfluidics
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Digital microfluidic (DMF) systems offer precise micro-droplet manipulation.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) provide sensitive, label-free colorimetric detection.
Integrating AuNPs into DMF for in-situ sensing requires understanding droplet behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the electrowetting properties and stability of AuNP droplets on DMF platforms.
To assess the impact of evaporation on AuNP-based colorimetric sensing in DMF.
To demonstrate the feasibility of DMF-AuNP systems for automatic, in-situ detection.

Main Methods:

Characterization of AuNP droplet electrowetting on hydrophobic DMF surfaces using a modified Young-Lippmann equation.
Evaluation of AuNP stability during electrowetting processes.
Analysis of droplet evaporation effects on sensing over short durations.
Model experiment for Hg²⁺ detection using the developed DMF-AuNP system.

Main Results:

AuNP droplet electrowetting follows a modified Young-Lippmann equation, requiring higher actuation voltages than water.
AuNPs exhibit stability during electrowetting manipulation.
Droplet evaporation has a negligible impact on sensing for experiments lasting several minutes.
Hg²⁺ detection in DMF yielded results comparable to bulk solution measurements.

Conclusions:

DMF platforms are suitable for AuNP-based colorimetric sensing, demonstrating electrowetting compatibility and AuNP stability.
The developed method is robust against evaporation for short-term detections.
This approach enables label-free, automatic, and low-cost detection of various analytes, including metal ions and biomarkers.