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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment
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Posture Assessment in Dentistry for Different Visual Aids Using 2D Markers.

Alberto Pispero1, Marco Marcon2, Carlo Ghezzi3

  • 1Azienda Ospedaliera Santi Paolo e Carlo, Unità Operativa Complessa Odontostomatologia II, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Beldiletto 1/3, 20142 Milan, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dentists using visual aids like surgical microscopes significantly reduce neck bending, lowering the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study assessed posture during third molar extractions to improve dental ergonomics.

Keywords:
clinical practice guidelinesclinical studies/trialscomputer vision for assistive technologiesdiagnostic systemshealth services research

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Surgery Ergonomics
  • Occupational Health in Dentistry
  • Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Prevention

Background:

  • Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are highly prevalent among dentists, affecting 64-93% of the profession.
  • Increased attention is being paid to ergonomic factors influencing dentist well-being and performance.
  • The impact of visual aids on dentist posture and MSD risk during procedures remains an area for detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess dentist posture during third molar extractions using different visual aids (microscope, loupes, naked eye).
  • To evaluate the impact of visual aids on body posture compared to unassisted vision.
  • To analyze the relationship between posture, visual aids, and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

Main Methods:

  • A clinical trial involving 90 third lower molar extractions.
  • 3D posture assessment using planar markers to track upper body movements (2mm translation, 1° rotation accuracy).
  • Ergonomic risk assessment using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool.

Main Results:

  • Significant reduction in neck bending was observed when using visual aids, especially the operating microscope.
  • The 3D marker tracker effectively analyzed upper limb movements and posture during interventions.
  • The study identified specific ergonomic pros and cons associated with operating microscopes, surgical loupes, and naked-eye procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Visual aids, particularly operating microscopes, demonstrably improve dentist posture by reducing harmful neck bending.
  • Ergonomic interventions incorporating advanced visual aids can mitigate the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in dental professionals.
  • The 3D posture assessment methodology provides valuable insights for optimizing dental workplace ergonomics.