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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Graphene Transfer: A Physical Perspective.

Xavier Langston1, Keith E Whitener1

  • 1Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review analyzes graphene transfer methods, crucial for device integration. A physical model helps organize techniques by managing graphene

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Graphene exhibits exceptional electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties.
  • Industrial interest in graphene is high due to its potential applications.
  • Transferring graphene from growth substrates to target substrates is essential for device fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze graphene transfer methods developed over the last decade.
  • To present a physical model for understanding graphene-substrate adhesion.
  • To organize transfer techniques based on adhesion energy modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature analysis of graphene transfer techniques.
  • Development of a simple physical model for graphene adhesion.
Keywords:
adhesionchemical vapor depositionelectronicsfabricationgraphenetransfer

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  • Categorization of transfer methods based on adhesion modulation strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Various graphene transfer techniques were analyzed and categorized.
    • A physical model explains graphene adhesion and transfer challenges.
    • Strategies for mitigating delamination/relamination issues and minimizing defects were discussed.

    Conclusions:

    • The physical model provides a framework for understanding and rationalizing graphene transfer methods.
    • Addressing adhesion modulation is key to successful graphene transfer.
    • Future research directions for improved graphene transfer techniques are suggested.