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Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds
Linda Nezbedova1,2, Tony McGhie3, Mark Christensen4
1School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
Abstract:
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple 'hallmarks of cancer' that are important in the progression of cancer.
Insights
Regularly consuming apples, rich in phytochemicals, may lower cancer risk. These plant compounds show onco-preventive effects by targeting key cancer mechanisms.
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Oncology
- Phytochemistry
Background:
- Cancer is a leading global cause of death.
- Diets high in fruits, rich in phytochemicals, are linked to reduced cancer incidence.
- Phytochemicals possess onco-preventive and chemo-protective properties.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the association between apple consumption and cancer incidence.
- To explore apple phytochemical profiles and their bioavailability.
- To summarize evidence on molecular mechanisms of apple phytochemicals against cancer hallmarks.
Main Methods:
- Review of epidemiological and cohort studies on apple consumption and cancer.
- Analysis of phytochemical composition and bioavailability in apples.
- Synthesis of in vitro and in vivo research on apple phytochemicals' anti-cancer mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Epidemiological data suggest a correlation between apple intake and lower cancer risk.
- Apples contain diverse phytochemicals with varying bioavailability.
- Apple phytochemicals demonstrate potential to inhibit multiple hallmarks of cancer progression.
Conclusions:
- Apple consumption is associated with reduced cancer incidence.
- The onco-preventive effects of apples are attributed to their rich phytochemical content.
- Further research into apple phytochemicals offers promising avenues for cancer prevention strategies.
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