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Biofilms

Biofilms

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...

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Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Published on: October 20, 2011

Microbial colonisation associated with conventional and self-ligating brackets: a systematic review.

Nidhi P Parmar¹, Gabrielle L Thompson¹, Nikki E Atack¹

¹Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Journal of Orthodontics

|November 29, 2021

Summary

This systematic review found inconclusive evidence on whether conventional or self-ligating orthodontic brackets affect microbial colonization differently. More research is needed to determine the impact of bracket design on oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment.

Keywords:

conventional bracket fixed orthodontic appliance microbial colonisation randomised controlled trial self-ligating bracket systematic review

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Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Microbiology
Dental Materials

Background:

Plaque accumulation around orthodontic brackets commonly leads to decalcification and gingivitis.
The impact of conventional versus self-ligating bracket design on microbial colonization remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and assess microbial colonization levels associated with conventional and self-ligating orthodontic brackets.

Main Methods:

A systematic search of three databases was conducted for publications from 2009 to 2021.
Eleven randomized controlled trials comparing microbial colonization with conventional and self-ligating brackets were included.
Risk of bias and quality assessments were performed using established tools.

Main Results:

Five of the eleven included studies reported no statistically significant difference in microbial colonization between bracket types.
The remaining studies presented mixed results, with some favoring conventional and others self-ligating brackets.
Heterogeneity in study methods and outcomes prevented meta-analysis.

Conclusions:

The current evidence is inconclusive regarding a definitive association between orthodontic bracket design and levels of microbial colonization.
Further high-quality research is necessary to clarify the relationship between bracket type and oral microbial profiles.