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Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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The type III secretion system effector network hypothesis.

Julia Sanchez-Garrido1, David Ruano-Gallego2, Jyoti S Choudhary3

  • 1Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.

Trends in Microbiology
|November 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors are crucial for pathogen infection. New research shows these effectors work as a network, revealing interconnected functions and context-dependent essentiality in vivo.

Keywords:
Gram-negative bacterial pathogensartificial intelligenceeffector networknetwork robustnesstype III secretion system effectors

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors are critical virulence factors for Gram-negative pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli.
  • Understanding T3SS-mediated pathogenesis has traditionally focused on individual effector functions.
  • Effectors target diverse cellular processes, which can be common or pathogen-specific.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the traditional, single-effector approach to studying T3SS.
  • To highlight the importance of studying effector networks in vivo.
  • To introduce a paradigm shift in understanding T3SS biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on T3SS effectors.
  • Analysis of studies involving simultaneous deletion of multiple T3SS effectors.
  • In vivo functional analysis of effector networks.

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous deletion of multiple T3SS effectors reveals their function as an interconnected network.
  • Evidence of effector codependency and context-dependent essentiality was uncovered.
  • This network behavior is crucial for effective pathogenesis in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The prevailing approach of studying single T3SS effectors is insufficient.
  • T3SS effectors operate as a coordinated network, not in isolation.
  • Future research should focus on the in vivo dynamics of effector networks to fully understand pathogenesis.