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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...

Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Mesoderm induction and patterning: Insights from neuromesodermal progenitors.

Benjamin L Martin¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

|November 29, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) drive post-gastrulation mesoderm induction in vertebrates. Understanding NMP signaling reveals broader mechanisms of mesoderm development and patterning across species.

Keywords:

BMP Brachyury EMT Epithelial-mesenchymal transition FGF Mesoderm induction Mesoderm patterning Neuromesodermal progenitors Wnt

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Mesoderm induction is crucial for embryonic development, traditionally studied during gastrulation.
Recent findings highlight ongoing mesoderm induction post-gastrulation by neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs).
NMPs in the tailbud decide between ectoderm (spinal cord) and mesoderm fates.

Purpose of the Study:

To review mechanisms of mesoderm induction within NMPs.
To explore how NMP research informs vertebrate and non-vertebrate mesoderm induction.
To focus on signaling networks and epithelial-mesenchymal states in NMP fate decisions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on NMPs and mesoderm induction.
Analysis of signaling pathways governing NMP lineage commitment.
Examination of research on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in NMPs.

Main Results:

NMPs contribute significantly to somite and lateral mesoderm (e.g., endothelium) formation.
Signaling networks controlling NMP-derived mesoderm induction are increasingly elucidated.
Partial epithelial-mesenchymal states are implicated in coordinating NMP cell fate and morphogenesis.

Conclusions:

NMPs offer a novel framework for studying vertebrate mesoderm induction.
Understanding NMP mechanisms provides insights into broader mesoderm development.
Further research into NMP signaling and plasticity is key for developmental biology.