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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.       
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water.

Lili Lin1, Yuzhen Ge2, Hongbo Zhang3

  • 1Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water plays a crucial role in heterogeneous catalysis, enhancing reaction rates and selectivity. Exploring water

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis is vital for producing fuels and chemicals.
  • Water's role in gas-solid interface reactions is often overlooked but significant.
  • Condensed water and aqueous phases can enhance catalyst performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review traditional heterogeneous catalytic reactions improved by water.
  • To discuss the specific roles of water in various catalytic systems.
  • To highlight novel heterogeneous reactions facilitated by aqueous phases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
  • Analysis of water's influence on reaction rates and selectivity.
  • Summarization of novel water-assisted catalytic processes.

Main Results:

  • Water significantly promotes rate and selectivity in many heterogeneous reactions.
  • Specific examples illustrate water's positive impact in adsorbed micro-environments.
  • Novel catalytic routes are enabled by the presence of aqueous phases.

Conclusions:

  • Water is a key factor in optimizing heterogeneous catalysts.
  • Understanding water's role opens avenues for improved catalyst design.
  • Aqueous phase participation leads to enhanced activity, selectivity, and novel processes.