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Updated: Oct 11, 2025
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
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COVID-19, gender and estroprogestins, what do we know?
Tiziana Fidecicchi1, Franca Fruzzetti1, Luis Ignacio Lete Lasa2
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pisa University Hospital of S. Chiara, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Pisa, Italy.
Summary
Women may have natural protection against severe COVID-19 due to female hormones, potentially explaining lower mortality. This review examines COVID-19 thrombosis mechanisms and hormonal therapy impacts.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Endocrinology
Background:
- The COVID-19 pandemic presents challenges in understanding disease pathogenesis and treatment.
- A prothrombotic state is linked to COVID-19 mortality.
- Women exhibit lower susceptibility and mortality rates compared to men in COVID-19.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the mechanisms of thrombosis in COVID-19.
- To investigate potential reasons for natural protection in women against severe COVID-19.
- To review expert opinions on hormonal therapies and vaccine-related thrombosis.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of COVID-19 pathogenesis and thrombosis.
- Analysis of gender-based differences in COVID-19 severity and mortality.
- Discussion of hormonal influences on inflammation and thrombosis.
- Review of data on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia.
Main Results:
- Female hormones may modulate inflammation, contributing to a protective effect in women.
- Hormone therapies are under scrutiny for potential increased risk of severe COVID-19.
- Rare thrombotic side effects of COVID-19 vaccines (VITT) warrant discussion.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the gender gap in COVID-19 severity is crucial.
- Further research is needed on hormone therapy management during the pandemic.
- Awareness and investigation of vaccine-related thrombosis are essential for public health.
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