Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 11, 2025
Utilizing a 3D Printed Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication Model to Shorten a Resident's Learning Curve
Published on: August 15, 2025
3D printed model for flexible ureteroscopy training, a low-cost option for surgical training
C R Trelles Guzmán1, J A Mainez Rodríguez2, I Aguado-Maestro3
1Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
Introduction:
Training in experimental models is a valid option that improves the outcomes and shortens surgical learning curves. Our objective was to develop a 3D printed plastic model for teaching, training and education in flexible ureteroscopy, analyzing costs and suitability for the practice of this surgical technique.
Methods:
A 3D printed model was developed based on a CT scan from a real-life patient's upper urinary tract. Horos™ software was used for segmentation and an FDM-Ultimaker for 3D printing. Renal calyces were numbered to be identified, as in the European Association of Urology Endoscopic Stone Treatment training curriculum, Task 4. The following were used: Innovex single-use flexible ureteroscope (Palex) and nitinol baskets (Coloplast).
Results:
Printing time was 19 h, with a total cost of €8.77. The three-dimensional model allowed the insertion of the flexible ureteroscope and the exploration of the renal calyces by urologists in training as well as in current practice of the specialty without difficulty. The model also allowed the use of baskets and the mobilization and removal of previously placed stones.
Conclusion:
We unveil a valid three-dimensional model for flexible ureteroscopy training exercises with reasonable costs, which will allow acquiring the necessary skills and confidence to initiate the procedure in a real-life scenario.
