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Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

Columnar processing of border ownership in primate visual cortex.

Tom P Franken¹, John H Reynolds¹

¹Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.

|November 30, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The brain computes border ownership, determining which object owns a visual border, in deep layers of area V4 first. This suggests early computation and feedback signaling within the visual cortex.

Keywords:

artificial dura figure-ground segregation multiunit neuroscience orientation tuning rhesus macaque single unit visual scene segmentation

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Published on: December 12, 2012

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Last Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

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Published on: January 22, 2018

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

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Published on: August 1, 2018

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

The brain segregates visual scenes by assigning borders to foreground objects.
Neurons in the primate visual cortex encode border ownership, but the circuitry is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the laminar organization and timing of border ownership selectivity in macaque visual area V4.
To understand the neural circuitry underlying border ownership computation.

Main Methods:

Multielectrode recordings from different layers of area V4 in macaque monkeys.
Analysis of border ownership-selective units and their response latencies.

Main Results:

Border ownership selectivity emerges earlier in deep layer units compared to classical receptive field responses.
Units within the same penetration exhibit similar preferred border ownership sides across layers.
Preferred border ownership is organized systematically in visual space and can span contiguous locations.

Conclusions:

Border ownership is computed in deep layers of V4, not simply inherited from upstream areas.
Early border ownership signals may be involved in feedback to upstream areas or the oculomotor system.
Clustered and spatially organized integration of asymmetric context suggests roles for corticocortical feedback and horizontal connections.