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Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations
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Current and future perspectives in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections

Matteo Bassetti1,2, Javier Garau3,4

  • 1Clinica Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|December 1, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria pose a critical global health threat. This review examines current and emerging treatments, including novel drugs and combinations, to combat these challenging infections.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health concern.
  • Gram-negative bacteria are a major source of critical priority pathogens.
  • Mechanisms of resistance include AmpC enzymes, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and carbapenemases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current therapeutic strategies for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
  • To discuss novel antimicrobial agents and treatment combinations.
  • To explore emerging therapeutic targets for Gram-negative infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current treatments for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Analysis of new agents, older compounds, and combination therapies.
  • Investigation of new treatment targets under research.

Main Results:

  • Existing treatments for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria show variable success.
  • New antimicrobial agents and combination therapies are being developed.
  • Novel treatment targets are under investigation to overcome resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria requires a multifaceted approach.
  • Continued research into new drugs, combinations, and targets is essential.
  • Addressing this global health threat necessitates innovative therapeutic strategies.

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