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Ecological changes have driven biotic exchanges across the Indian Ocean.

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Ecological shifts in the Indian Ocean facilitated species migration, with India acting as a key intermediary before its collision with Asia. Physical land bridges had limited influence on these exchanges.

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Paleogeography

Background:

  • The Indian Ocean's complex geological history influences species distribution.
  • Tectonic events are key to understanding species exchange between landmasses.
  • Previous studies have explored various geological elements and processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-term trends in species exchange across the Indian Ocean since the Gondwana breakup.
  • To reconstruct ancestral ranges and identify migration patterns.
  • To evaluate the role of ecological transformations and geological routes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from twenty-three taxa.
  • Application of a time-calibrated Bayesian framework.
  • Reconstruction of ancestral species ranges.

Main Results:

  • Ecological transformations created opportunities for migrant establishment.
  • The roles of species-donating and receiving landmasses have shifted over time.
  • Limited evidence supports 'stepping-stone' routes; India served as an intermediary before colliding with Asia.

Conclusions:

  • Ecological change, not just physical routes, drives species migration.
  • India played a crucial role in intercontinental species exchange.
  • Understanding past geological and ecological dynamics is vital for biogeography.