Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

311
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
311
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

62
Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
62
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

13.3K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
13.3K
Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring01:24

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring

19
Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
19
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

31
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
31
Measures of Intelligence01:29

Measures of Intelligence

7.9K
Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
7.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reverse engineering of metacognition.

eLife·2022
Same author

A multimodal neuroimaging classifier for alcohol dependence.

Scientific reports·2020
Same author

Decoding diagnosis and lifetime consumption in alcohol dependence from grey-matter pattern information.

Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica·2018
Same author

Quantitative neurobiological evidence for accelerated brain aging in alcohol dependence.

Translational psychiatry·2017
Same author

Mesolimbic confidence signals guide perceptual learning in the absence of external feedback.

eLife·2016
Same author

Gaze Direction Modulates the Relation between Neural Responses to Faces and Visual Awareness.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2015
Same journal

Perceptual learning without feedback is accompanied with systematic changes in confidence processing.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

I sync, therefore I am: brain-body synchrony in typical and disordered consciousness.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

The Rhythmic Embodied Perception Framework of breath, brain, and perception.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

Temporal recalibration in schizophrenia: a compensatory timing trap?

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

Aidification of the self: a phenomenological approach to machine consciousness through human-robot 'between-ness'.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

Confidence in naturalistic decision making.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
08:06

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Published on: June 18, 2018

7.3K

Measuring metacognitive performance: type 1 performance dependence and test-retest reliability.

Matthias Guggenmos1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.

Neuroscience of Consciousness
|December 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current metacognitive performance measures are not independent of primary cognitive performance. Study findings offer recommendations for improving the reliability of metacognition research.

Keywords:
confidenceldecision makinglmetacognitionlmetacognitive sensitivitltest-retest reliability

More Related Videos

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.1K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
08:06

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Published on: June 18, 2018

7.3K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.1K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Metacognition, or thinking about thinking, is crucial for understanding cognition in various populations.
  • Metacognitive performance measures estimate the accuracy of primary cognitive processes.
  • A key challenge is the dependency of these measures on objective primary (type 1) performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate popular metacognitive performance measures.
  • To assess their independence from type 1 performance.
  • To determine their test-retest reliability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the Confidence Database (N=6912).
  • Scrutiny of metacognitive performance measures for independence from type 1 performance.
  • Evaluation of factors influencing test-retest reliability, including trial number and task design.

Main Results:

  • No current metacognitive performance measure is fully independent of type 1 performance.
  • Metacognitive noise can explain the observed dependency.
  • Reliability is highly sensitive to type 1 performance and trial count; insufficient trials hinder reliability.
  • Simultaneous choice and confidence reports enhance reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Existing metacognitive measures require careful consideration of their dependence on type 1 performance.
  • Recommendations are provided for optimizing study design and analysis in metacognition research.
  • Future research should ensure adequate trial numbers and consider task characteristics to improve reliability.