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Metacognition

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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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Reverse engineering of metacognition.

Matthias Guggenmos1,2

  • 1Health and Medical University, Institute for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Potsdam, Germany.

Elife
|September 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new computational framework to quantify metacognitive noise and bias. The model provides independent measures of metacognitive noise, advancing cognitive research.

Keywords:
computational biologycomputational modelingconfidencedecision makinghumanmetacognitionneurosciencesystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Psychiatry

Background:

  • Metacognitive ability, the capacity for introspection, is crucial in cognitive and clinical research.
  • Current quantitative methods for assessing metacognition have limitations in making unconfounded inferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a comprehensive modeling framework for metacognition.
  • To enable inferences about metacognitive noise and bias in decision-making and confidence reporting.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model where confidence is a transformed readout of decision values.
  • Introduced a canonical set of metacognitive noise distributions.
  • Validated the model on empirical data and demonstrated parameter recovery.

Main Results:

  • Metacognitive noise and bias parameters correlate with traditional behavioral measures.
  • Inferred metacognitive noise parameters are independent of task performance, unlike conventional measures.
  • The accompanying toolbox, ReMeta, facilitates parameter estimation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a more robust method for quantifying metacognition.
  • The independence of noise parameters from performance offers novel insights into metacognitive function.
  • ReMeta provides a valuable tool for researchers studying metacognition.