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Blood Flow

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Intravital Subcellular Microscopy of the Mammary Gland

Intravital Subcellular Microscopy of the Mammary Gland

Published on: June 24, 2022

In Vitro Flow Visualization in a Lactating Human Breast Model.

Lin Jiang¹, Fatemeh Hassanipour²

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

|December 3, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infant suckling uses vacuum and compression to extract human milk. Combined actions create effective milk flow and reduce risks like nipple pain or milk duct clogs.

Keywords:

Biofluid transport Infant oral feeding mechanism PIV flow measurements

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Fluid Dynamics
Lactation Physiology

Background:

Infant suckling involves intraoral vacuum and peripheral oral compression.
The distinct contributions of these actions to human milk extraction are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the fluid dynamics of human milk extraction during breastfeeding.
To differentiate the effects of vacuum-only versus combined vacuum and compression on milk flow.

Main Methods:

Utilized a bio-inspired breastfeeding simulator with a multiphase fluid.
Employed particle image velocimetry to analyze flow fields in a lactating breast model with bifurcated ducts.

Main Results:

Vacuum-only pressure generated higher outlet flow velocity, potentially causing nipple pain.
Combined vacuum and compression created stronger vortices at duct bifurcations, possibly preventing milk duct clogs.

Conclusions:

Natural infant suckling patterns, combining vacuum and compression, are more effective for human milk extraction.
Understanding these mechanics can inform strategies to optimize breastfeeding and prevent lactation complications.