Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

3.0K
3.0K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

11.0K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
11.0K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

7.9K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
7.9K
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

3.2K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
3.2K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

7.5K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
7.5K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.2K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

PAVR: High-Resolution Cellular Imaging via a Physics-Aware Volumetric Reconstruction Framework.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

High-throughput Genome Wide CRISPR Knock Out mechanical sort identifies genes driving metastatic cancer cell softening.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Lipid nanoparticle GM-CSF replacement for autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Tumor agnostic drug delivery with dynamic nanohydrogels.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Glycolipid nanoparticles target the spleen and detarget the liver without charge.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Microfluidic Device Type Improves Heart mRNA Delivery <i>In Vivo</i>.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Electroporation-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins and mRNA into Freshly Isolated Primary Mouse Hepatocytes
09:45

Electroporation-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins and mRNA into Freshly Isolated Primary Mouse Hepatocytes

Published on: June 2, 2022

2.9K

Non-liver mRNA Delivery.

David Loughrey1, James E Dahlman1

  • 1Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|December 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics offer potential for treating diseases, but delivery challenges persist. Advances in mRNA drug delivery systems are paving the way for broader clinical applications beyond vaccines.

More Related Videos

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model
06:03

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model

Published on: June 11, 2020

9.3K
Efficient Gene Knockdown in the Liver via Intrasplenic Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8)-Delivered Small Hairpin RNA
04:29

Efficient Gene Knockdown in the Liver via Intrasplenic Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8)-Delivered Small Hairpin RNA

Published on: November 1, 2024

552

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Electroporation-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins and mRNA into Freshly Isolated Primary Mouse Hepatocytes
09:45

Electroporation-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins and mRNA into Freshly Isolated Primary Mouse Hepatocytes

Published on: June 2, 2022

2.9K
Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model
06:03

Delivery of Modified mRNA in a Myocardial Infarction Mouse Model

Published on: June 11, 2020

9.3K
Efficient Gene Knockdown in the Liver via Intrasplenic Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8)-Delivered Small Hairpin RNA
04:29

Efficient Gene Knockdown in the Liver via Intrasplenic Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8)-Delivered Small Hairpin RNA

Published on: November 1, 2024

552

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Molecular Medicine
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics show promise for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Current mRNA applications include antigen production (e.g., COVID-19 vaccines), protein replacement, and genome engineering.
  • Challenges in mRNA drug delivery include its anionic nature, susceptibility to degradation by RNases, and induction of innate immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key advances in mRNA drug delivery, focusing on chemical modifications, sequence optimization, and delivery systems.
  • To discuss the development of mRNA therapeutics for non-liver tissues, addressing challenges in systemic delivery.
  • To highlight lessons learned from COVID-19 mRNA vaccines for future therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of chemical modifications and sequence optimization to enhance mRNA potency and pharmacokinetics.
  • Review of various drug delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, dendrimers, and natural membranes.
  • Analysis of strategies to reduce liver clearance and improve delivery to non-liver tissues (spleen, lungs, heart, CNS, etc.).

Main Results:

  • Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have successfully delivered mRNA to the liver and immune cells, leading to FDA approval and EUA for COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Significant progress has been made in developing mRNA drug delivery systems, but clinically relevant delivery to non-liver tissues requires further improvement.
  • Recent examples demonstrate successful mRNA delivery to non-liver tissues using advanced nanoparticle formulations.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in mRNA technology and delivery systems are crucial for translating mRNA therapeutics into clinical practice.
  • Overcoming challenges in non-liver tissue targeting is essential for expanding the therapeutic potential of mRNA drugs.
  • Lessons from COVID-19 mRNA vaccines provide a foundation for developing future mRNA-based treatments for a wide range of diseases.