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Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

A Contemporary Warming/Restraining Device for Efficient Tail Vein Injections in a Murine Fungal Sepsis Model
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An inherently dangerous fluid warmer design.

Karolina Brook1,2, Mark J Facchin3, Albert A Kalustian3,4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, 750 Albany Street 2R, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. Karolina.brook@bmc.org.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
|December 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A breach in a fluid warming set contaminated a patient's IV line during surgery. This device, used to prevent heat loss in anesthesia patients, lacks an alarm to detect such breaches, posing a safety risk.

Keywords:
AlarmsAnesthesiaAnesthesiologyAutomationBlood administrationDevice monitoringFluid administrationFluid warmerFluid warming deviceGeneral anesthesiaMedical device safety

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Medical Device Safety
  • Patient Care

Background:

  • The Hotline® fluid warmer is essential in operating rooms for warming blood products and fluids to prevent hypothermia during anesthesia.
  • Routine checks of the fluid warming set did not prevent a breach during a recent blood transfusion.
  • The breach led to contamination of the patient's sterile intravenous (IV) line.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the quality and safety processes implemented following a breach in a fluid warming set.
  • To highlight the absence of a breach detection alarm in the Hotline® fluid warmer.
  • To recommend improvements for device safety.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated a specific incident involving a breach in a Hotline® fluid warmer set.
  • Reviewed existing quality and safety protocols for anesthesia devices.
  • Analyzed the functional capabilities of the Hotline® fluid warmer concerning breach detection.

Main Results:

  • A breach in the fluid warming set occurred during blood administration, contaminating the patient's sterile IV line.
  • The Hotline® fluid warmer, despite routine checks, lacks an integrated monitoring system to detect breaches in its warming set.
  • Existing safety checks were insufficient to prevent the contamination event.

Conclusions:

  • The Hotline® fluid warmer requires an additional monitoring alarm to detect breaches in the fluid warming set.
  • Implementing such an alarm would significantly enhance patient safety by preventing sterile line contamination.
  • Anesthesia providers should be aware of this potential device limitation.