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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Patient-Specific Polyvinyl Alcohol Phantom Fabrication with Ultrasound and X-Ray Contrast for Brain Tumor Surgery Planning
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Reference phantom selection in pediatric computed tomography using data from a large, multicenter registry.

Philip W Chu1, Sophronia Yu2, Yifei Wang1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th St., Box 0560, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.

Pediatric Radiology
|December 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric CT radiation dose reporting varies. Using smaller 16-cm phantoms for body scans in children, instead of 32-cm phantoms, significantly increases reported radiation doses (DLP and CTDIvol).

Keywords:
ChildrenComputed tomographyPhantomRadiation doseReference phantomRegistry

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiology
  • Pediatric Imaging

Background:

  • Radiation dose metrics in medical imaging are influenced by the calibration reference phantom used.
  • Standard practice employs 16-cm phantoms for adult head imaging and 32-cm phantoms for adult body imaging.
  • Phantom selection patterns in pediatric CT examinations are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze phantom selection in pediatric CT scans.
  • To investigate the impact of phantom selection on reported radiation doses in children.
  • To identify variations by patient age, body region, and scanner manufacturer.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 106,837 pediatric CT exams (up to 17 years) from 2015-2020.
  • Description of reference phantom use patterns by body region, age, and manufacturer.
  • Comparison of dose-length product (DLP) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) between 16-cm and 32-cm phantom references.

Main Results:

  • Phantom selection was largely consistent by body region (e.g., 16-cm for head, 32-cm for chest/abdomen).
  • GE scanners showed some deviation, using 16-cm phantoms for pediatric chest/abdomen scans in younger children.
  • Scans referenced to 16-cm phantoms reported 2-3 times higher DLP and CTDIvol values than those referenced to 32-cm phantoms.

Conclusions:

  • Reference phantom selection in pediatric CT is generally consistent.
  • A small percentage of pediatric chest and abdomen scans (~5%) incorrectly use 16-cm phantoms.
  • This non-standard phantom use leads to significantly overestimated radiation dose values (approximately double).