Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer
Published on: May 10, 2024
Polymorphisms of genes related to phase II metabolism and resistance to clopidogrel
Abdullah Alkattan1, Ahmed Alkhalifah2, Eman Alsalameen3
1Planning and Research Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract:
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug commonly used to prevent coagulation. This review aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms of G6PD, GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GST, GSR, HK and GLRX genes on clopidogrel during phase II metabolism through exploring previous studies. The results revealed that low glutathione plasma levels caused by several alleles related to these genes could affect the bioactivation process of the clopidogrel prodrug, making it unable to inhibit platelet aggregation perfectly and thus leading to severe consequences in patients with a high risk of blood coagulation. However, the study recommends platelet reactivity tests to predict clopidogrel efficacy rather than studying gene mutations, as most of these mutations are rare and other nongenetic factors could affect the drug's efficacy.
Related Concept Videos
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions
Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...

