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The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
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In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
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Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Causal necessitarianism and the monotonicity objection.

Salim Hirèche1

  • 1Département de philosophie, Université de Genève, Rue de Candolle 2, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.

Synthese
|December 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Causal necessitarianism (CN) posits that causes necessitate effects. This paper refutes the monotonicity objection by arguing that causes inherently include completeness, thus excluding potential blockers.

Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Science
  • Metaphysics
  • Causation

Background:

  • Causal necessitarianism (CN) is the philosophical view that causes necessarily bring about their effects.
  • A significant objection to CN is the 'monotonicity objection,' which uses the concept of 'blockers'—factors that could prevent an effect—to challenge necessitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and resist the monotonicity objection against causal necessitarianism.
  • To demonstrate that the objection relies on unstated assumptions about causation and necessitation.

Main Methods:

  • Deconstruct the monotonicity objection by identifying its three implicit assumptions: the notion of cause, the composition of causal factors, and the relation of necessitation.
  • Argue for rejecting the assumption concerning the understanding of 'cause' by proposing that causes possess an element of completeness.
Keywords:
BlockersCausationGroundingMonotonicityNecessitationTotality facts

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Main Results:

  • The monotonicity objection's validity is contingent on specific, contestable assumptions.
  • Rejecting the assumption about the completeness of causes offers a way to preserve causal necessitarianism.
  • A novel understanding of causal completeness is proposed to address common difficulties.

Conclusions:

  • The monotonicity objection to causal necessitarianism can be overcome.
  • Causes should be understood as complete in themselves, inherently excluding potential blockers.
  • This revised understanding of causation supports causal necessitarianism and related metaphysical theses like grounding necessitarianism.