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Related Concept Videos

Maslow's Theory of Basic Human Needs01:28

Maslow's Theory of Basic Human Needs

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Maslow's hierarchy is described with the help of a pyramidal shape. The most fundamental needs, physiological needs, are at the bottom of the pyramid.
Physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex, physical comfort, and survival are at the bottom of the pyramid. These are the components that are necessary to sustain life. Once the first level of needs has been met, the second level arises.
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Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

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The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

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Causal necessitarianism and the monotonicity objection.

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Grounding, necessity, and relevance.

Salim Hirèche1,2

  • 1Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.

Philosophical Studies
|September 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Grounding necessitarianism (GN) posits that full grounds necessitate their outcomes. This paper argues that typical grounds, like Socrates dying, fail to fully ground outcomes such as Xanthippe becoming a widow, supporting GN.

Area of Science:

  • Metaphysics
  • Philosophy of Logic
  • Ontology

Background:

  • Grounding necessitarianism (GN) is the philosophical view that a complete ground necessitates what it grounds.
  • Existing counterexamples challenge GN, particularly in cases where a potential ground does not necessitate the outcome.
  • Debates often center on whether a proposition (A) or a proposition plus supplementary facts (A+) fully grounds an outcome (C).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To defend the claim that in typical cases, a proposition (A) fails to fully ground an outcome (C).
  • To provide further support for grounding necessitarianism (GN).
  • To demonstrate that accepting A as a full ground, rather than A+, undermines not only GN but also weaker modal views.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of counterexamples to grounding necessitarianism.
Keywords:
DeterminationExplanationGroundingNecessityRelevanceTotality facts

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  • Distinction between explanatory and generative relevance in grounding.
  • Argumentation based on the failure of grounds to contain relevant information.

    • Main Results:

    • In typical cases, a proposition (A) fails to fully ground an outcome (C) because it lacks both explanatory and generative relevance.
    • The choice of A over A+ as a full ground has significant implications for modal theories.

    Conclusions:

    • The paper supports grounding necessitarianism by demonstrating that incomplete grounds fail to necessitate outcomes.
    • The analysis highlights the importance of explanatory and generative relevance for establishing full grounds.
    • Weakening the criteria for full grounds has broader negative consequences for modal philosophy.