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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Frames01:30

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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

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In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
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Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving01:16

Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving

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Statically indeterminate problems are those where statics alone can not determine the internal forces or reactions. Consider a structure comprising two cylindrical rods made of steel and brass. These rods are joined at point B and restrained by rigid supports at points A and C. Now, the reactions at points A and C and the deflection at point B are to be determined. This rod structure is classified as statically indeterminate as the structure has more supports than are necessary for maintaining...
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Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

Frames: Problem Solving I

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Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
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Frames: Problem Solving II01:26

Frames: Problem Solving II

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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model
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The Framing Preference for Large and Increasing Components in Static and Dynamic Descriptions.

Henk Pander Maat1, Ben Staal2, Bregje Holleman1

  • 1Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

People choose how to frame information based on whether a component is larger than 50% or has increased over time. The communicative task, static or dynamic, influences which framing choice is preferred.

Keywords:
attribute framingmarkednessprofilingreference pointtask effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Framing effects influence information interpretation.
  • Reference points guide the production and understanding of framed information.
  • Two-sided information can be framed by focusing on different components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate determinants of frame choice in two-sided information.
  • Examine the influence of component size and change over time on framing.
  • Understand how communicative context (static vs. dynamic tasks) affects framing preferences.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with participants describing two-sided information.
  • Experiment 1 used a static task (describing the present situation).
  • Experiment 2 used a dynamic task (describing changes over time).

Main Results:

  • In static tasks, the size of a component (larger than 50%) was the primary determinant of frame choice.
  • In dynamic tasks, the direction of change (increase vs. decrease) significantly drove frame selection.
  • These effects held true for both symmetrical and asymmetrical contrasts.

Conclusions:

  • Communicative relevance, guided by reference points, shapes framing choices.
  • Task demands (static vs. dynamic) modulate the preference for component size versus direction of change.
  • Understanding these cognitive and communicative regularities is key to producing effective framed messages.