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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays
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Sensing Stemness.

Teresa V Bowman1,2,3, Eirini Trompouki4,5

  • 1Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA.

Current Stem Cell Reports
|December 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other stem cells utilize innate immune pathways to regulate development. Cellular elements like transposable elements (TEs) and R-loops activate these pathways, influencing stem cell decisions.

Keywords:
DNA sensorsHematopoietic stem cellsPlasticityR-loopsRNA sensorsTransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are crucial for blood formation and reside in a quiescent state in adult organs.
  • HSCs possess mechanisms to adapt to intrinsic and extrinsic environmental challenges.
  • Stem cells, including HSCs, undergo dynamic developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how HSCs and other stem cells co-opt DNA and RNA innate immune pathways.
  • To discuss the role of these pathways in fine-tuning developmental processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on innate immunity and stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating nucleic acid sensing pathways in stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Innate immune receptors for nucleic acids are expressed in HSCs and other stem cells.
  • Cellular transposable elements (TEs) and R-loops activate these receptors as endogenous triggers.
  • Activation of these pathways influences HSC formation during development and regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous TEs and R-loops activate RNA and DNA sensors, triggering inflammatory signals.
  • These signals fine-tune stem cell decisions, impacting development and regeneration.
  • This mechanism has broad implications for somatic stem cells, diseases, and aging.