Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

728
Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
728
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

1.8K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
1.8K
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

669
Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
669
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

237
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
237
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

275
Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...
275
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

481
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
481

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Machine Learning for Diagnosis and Differentiation of Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: A Systematic Review.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Governing the AI-biotech convergence : The rapid progress in and the dual-use nature of biotechnology and AI requires adaptive and resilient regulatory frameworks to address potential risks.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

Quantitative susceptibility mapping at 7T as a biomarker of post- and interictal extravascular iron in patients with focal epilepsy.

EBioMedicine·2025
Same author

Analyzing Sleep Behavior Using BERT-BiLSTM and Fine-Tuned GPT-2 Sentiment Classification: Comparison Study.

JMIR medical informatics·2025
Same author

Recommendations of the AGG (Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine Working Group, Section Maternal Diseases) on Maternal Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy.

Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde·2025
Same author

Circular orientated display speeds up communication by gaze.

Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology·2025
Same journal

Increased rates of hybridization in swordtails are associated with water pollution.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Visual uncertainty and task demands shape active sensing strategies in mice.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

An adaptable, self-organizing, single-cell morphology circuit optimizes suctorian predatory trap structure.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Temporal tuning of switch-like virulence expression resolves environmental uncertainty through phenotypic heterogeneity.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

An abstract relational map emerges in the human medial prefrontal cortex with consolidation.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Phloem evolved gradually and asynchronously to xylem in early vascular plants.

Current biology : CB·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.1K

Sleep: The great adaptive diversity.

Breda Žunkovič1, Markus Schmidt2

  • 1Clinical Institute for Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Current Biology : CB
|December 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bird pupils react oppositely during sleep compared to mammals. This discovery highlights the diverse ways sleep components are expressed across different species, broadening our scientific understanding.

More Related Videos

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish
05:10

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Published on: March 21, 2019

7.1K
The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila
06:06

The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila

Published on: December 14, 2020

3.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.1K
Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish
05:10

Automated Measurements of Sleep and Locomotor Activity in Mexican Cavefish

Published on: March 21, 2019

7.1K
The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila
06:06

The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila

Published on: December 14, 2020

3.7K

Area of Science:

  • Comparative physiology
  • Sleep science
  • Avian biology

Background:

  • Sleep is a fundamental biological process conserved across species.
  • Understanding sleep mechanisms across diverse taxa is crucial for evolutionary biology.
  • Pupillary responses are indicators of physiological states, including sleep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate pupillary responses in birds during sleep.
  • To compare avian sleep-related pupillary changes with those of mammals.
  • To explore the adaptive diversity of sleep components across species.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings of pupillary changes in sleeping birds.
  • Behavioral observation of sleep stages and associated pupillary dynamics.
  • Comparative analysis of data with existing mammalian sleep studies.

Main Results:

  • Bird pupillary responses during sleep were found to be opposite to those observed in mammals.
  • Specific patterns of pupillary constriction and dilation during different sleep phases in birds were identified.
  • Significant interspecies variation in sleep-related pupillary responses was noted.

Conclusions:

  • The findings reveal a novel aspect of avian sleep physiology.
  • Opposite pupillary responses in birds challenge existing models of sleep regulation.
  • This study underscores the extensive adaptive diversity in the expression of sleep components across the animal kingdom.