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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Energy01:10

Electrical Energy

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Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules.
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Electrical Power01:07

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Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
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Conservation of AC Power01:15

Conservation of AC Power

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The principle of power preservation is applicable to both ac and dc circuits. This principle, when applied to AC power, asserts that the complex, real, and reactive powers produced by the source are equal to the total complex, real, and reactive powers absorbed by the loads. When two load impedances are connected in parallel to an ac source V, the complex power provided by the source can be calculated using the relation
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Electrical Current01:10

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Charge and Current01:14

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Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Global changes in electricity consumption during COVID-19.

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COVID-19 lockdowns significantly impacted global electricity consumption, with stricter government restrictions and reduced mobility most strongly linked to decreased usage. These findings offer insights for future societal shocks.

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Economics
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented societal disruption.
  • Understanding its impact on energy consumption is crucial for future crisis preparedness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify changes in global electricity consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To analyze the relationship between consumption changes and various socio-economic and policy factors.

Main Methods:

  • Collected electricity consumption data from 58 countries (Jan-Oct 2020).
  • Clustered timeseries data to identify distinct impact patterns.
  • Correlated consumption changes with government restrictions, health data, GDP, mobility, and energy sector traits.

Main Results:

  • Significant heterogeneity observed in electricity consumption changes globally.
  • Stricter government restrictions and decreased mobility (retail, recreation) strongly correlated with reduced electricity use, especially early in the pandemic.
  • Pre-pandemic holiday sensitivity may influence consumption response.

Conclusions:

  • Government policies and mobility changes are key drivers of electricity consumption shifts during crises.
  • Heterogeneity in response highlights the need for context-specific analysis.
  • Further research into holiday sensitivity could refine predictive models for future shocks.