Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase in skin

Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is demonstrated in skin microsomes from humans, rats, rabbits, and mice. This enzyme converts a number of distinct protein-bound glutamic acid residues into gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, which strongly interact with Ca++ ions. The enzymatic activity (expressed per mg protein) in skin is about 20% of that in liver. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is present in both epidermal and dermal tissue. It is demonstrated that warfarin treatment in mice results in an accumulation of noncarboxylated precursor proteins in both dermal and epidermal microsomes. Most probably this effect of warfarin is not restricted to mice, but occurs also in the skin of patients under oral anticoagulant therapy. A possible relation between vitamin K-dependent skin carboxylase and the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in calcified nodules from patients with scleroderma and dermatomyositis is discussed.