Wildfire Smoke Classification Based on Synthetic Images and Pixel- and Feature-Level Domain Adaptation

Training a deep learning-based classification model for early wildfire smoke images requires a large amount of rich data. However, due to the episodic nature of fire events, it is difficult to obtain wildfire smoke image data, and most of the samples in public datasets suffer from a lack of diversity. To address these issues, a method using synthetic images to train a deep learning classification model for real wildfire smoke was proposed in this paper. Firstly, we constructed a synthetic dataset by simulating a large amount of morphologically rich smoke in 3D modeling software and rendering the virtual smoke against many virtual wildland background images with rich environmental diversity. Secondly, to better use the synthetic data to train a wildfire smoke image classifier, we applied both pixel-level domain adaptation and feature-level domain adaptation. The CycleGAN-based pixel-level domain adaptation method for image translation was employed. On top of this, the feature-level domain adaptation method incorporated ADDA with DeepCORAL was adopted to further reduce the domain shift between the synthetic and real data. The proposed method was evaluated and compared on a test set of real wildfire smoke and achieved an accuracy of 97.39%. The method is applicable to wildfire smoke classification tasks based on RGB single-frame images and would also contribute to training image classification models without sufficient data.