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The Type IX Secretion System and Its Role in Bacterial Function and Pathogenesis.

P D Veith1, M D Glew1, D G Gorasia1

  • 1Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Dental Research
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe periodontitis bacteria use the Type IX Secretion System (T9SS) to attach virulence factors to their surface and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). This process aids immune dysregulation and chronic tissue destruction.

Keywords:
bacterial virulencehost pathogen interactionsmicrobiologyouter membrane vesiclesperiodontal disease(s)/periodontitisultrastructure

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Certain bacteria causing severe periodontitis, including *Porphyromonas*, *Tannerella*, and *Prevotella* species, utilize the Type IX Secretion System (T9SS).
  • The T9SS is crucial for exporting virulence factors, which are subsequently released via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).
  • These OMVs contribute to host immune dysregulation, promoting chronic inflammation and tissue destruction characteristic of periodontitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest molecular architecture of the T9SS.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into the secretion and attachment of T9SS cargo proteins.
  • To elucidate the role of T9SS in virulence factor display on bacterial cells and OMVs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular structures of T9SS components (PorL, PorM, Sov).
  • Analysis of interactome data to understand protein interactions within the T9SS.
  • Integration of existing knowledge on T9SS function and cargo attachment mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Detailed proposed models for T9SS operation, including inner membrane motors (PorL/M) and an outer membrane 'slide carousel' mechanism involving PorN and PorK.
  • Identification of key proteins like PorN, PorW, and PorV in cargo transport and translocation.
  • Elucidation of covalent attachment mechanisms for cargo proteins to the bacterial cell surface via the Wbp/Vim pathway in *P. gingivalis* and *T. forsythia*.

Conclusions:

  • The T9SS employs a complex molecular machinery for efficient secretion and surface attachment of virulence factors.
  • Surface-attached virulence factors are concentrated on OMVs, enhancing their pathogenic potential.
  • Understanding T9SS mechanisms offers insights into bacterial pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets in periodontitis.