Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

29.4K
During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
29.4K
Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition

2.6K
Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
2.6K
Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

29.0K
Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
29.0K
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

47.4K
Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
47.4K
Cell Adhesion in Plants01:14

Cell Adhesion in Plants

2.9K
Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
Pectins are complex heteropolymers mainly composed of negatively-charged α-D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid and some neutral glycosyl residues such as α-L-rhamnopyranose, α-L-arabinofuranose,...
2.9K
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

46.6K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
46.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Growth in clinical research capability in China and impact on the pharmaceutical sector.

Nature reviews. Drug discovery·2026
Same author

A Humanized Knock-in Mouse Model of the PSEN1 V97L Mutation from a Major Chinese Alzheimer's Disease Pedigree Reveals Early Neuroinflammation.

Neuroscience bulletin·2026
Same author

Natural zeolite dose-dependently enhances conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

Original Antigenic Sin on Antibody Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Infectious diseases & immunity·2026
Same author

In Vitro Fermentation of Green Tea by Human Gut Microbiota Enhances Bioactivity and Bidirectionally Modulates Polyphenol Metabolites and Gut Microbiota.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Modeling AI trust and AI self-efficacy in AI-assisted EFL classrooms: the role of basic psychological needs in classroom engagement.

Frontiers in psychology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression
10:24

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Published on: June 11, 2010

36.6K

Two galacturonosyltransferases function in plant growth, stomatal development, and dynamics.

Huimin Guo1, Chuanlei Xiao1, Qing Liu1

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

Plant Physiology
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Two Arabidopsis enzymes, GAUT10 and GAUT11, regulate pectin in guard cell walls. Their mutation affects stomatal size, dynamics, and drought tolerance by altering homogalacturonan.

More Related Videos

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining
08:31

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Published on: March 29, 2019

29.9K
Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
11:31

Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression
10:24

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Published on: June 11, 2010

36.6K
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining
08:31

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Published on: March 29, 2019

29.9K
Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
11:31

Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Guard cell (GC) wall mechanics are crucial for stomatal development and response.
  • Molecular control of pectin synthesis and composition in stomatal dynamics is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of Arabidopsis galacturonosyltransferases GAUT10 and GAUT11 in plant growth, stomatal development, and dynamics.
  • To elucidate how pectin biosynthesis and composition by GAUT10 and GAUT11 influence stomatal function and drought tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana GAUT10 and GAUT11 mutants and overexpression lines.
  • Analysis of pectin synthesis, homogalacturonan (HG) methylesterification, and degradation.
  • Assessment of stomatal complex size, pore area, stomatal dynamics, and plant drought tolerance.
  • Genetic interaction and immunolabeling analyses.

Main Results:

  • GAUT10 and GAUT11 double mutants showed reduced pectin synthesis, increased HG demethylesterification, and altered HG degradation.
  • Mutants exhibited larger stomatal complexes, smaller stomatal pores, increased stomatal dynamics, and enhanced drought tolerance.
  • Overexpression of GAUT10 or GAUT11 impaired stomatal dynamics and increased drought sensitivity.
  • Methylesterified HG levels are critical for stomatal dynamics, while pectin abundance and demethylesterified HG control stomatal dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • GAUT10 and GAUT11 are key regulators of pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis guard cells.
  • These enzymes modulate pectin composition, influencing guard cell wall properties, stomatal dimension, and dynamics.
  • GAUT10 and GAUT11 play significant roles in plant adaptation to drought stress via stomatal regulation.