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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents
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Time-Resolved Extracellular Matrix Atlas of the Developing Human Skin Dermis.

Mansheng Li1, Xiao Li1, Binghui Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 13, 2021
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The dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) changes significantly throughout life, impacting skin aging. Understanding these ECM changes is key to understanding skin development and aging processes.

Keywords:
decellularizationextracellular matrixmatrisomeskin agingskin development

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Skin aging is a complex physiological process with poorly understood mechanisms.
  • The dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a crucial role in skin aging.
  • Specific changes in ECM composition and function across the lifespan remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the age-dependent changes in dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, expression, and function.
  • To understand how the ECM microenvironment supports skin development and aging across different age groups.
  • To identify ECM expression markers involved in skin development and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a decellularization method to isolate the dermal ECM.
  • Performed matrisome analysis to comprehensively study ECM components.
  • Compared ECM characteristics in skin samples from toddlers, teenagers, adults, and the elderly.

Main Results:

  • Identified differential expression of collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and regulatory factors across age groups.
  • Discovered specific ECM expression markers associated with skin development.
  • Elucidated age-related characteristics of ECM synthesis and its role in supporting epidermal stem cell growth via the basement membrane.

Conclusions:

  • The dermal ECM undergoes significant age-related alterations in composition and expression.
  • These ECM changes are critical for understanding skin development and the aging process.
  • The ECM, particularly via the basement membrane, plays a vital role in maintaining epidermal stem cell function throughout life.