"Anchoring-desolvating-shielding" spatially configurated Interface layer addressing the trade-off between Zn...

Tremendous electrolyte additives have demonstrated effectiveness in the zinc-ion batteries, however still face the serious issue of trade-off between Zn utilization, areal capacity and anti-calendar aging those are important for practical application. Here, the 3-Cyclohexylamine-2-hydroxypropionic acid (CAPSO) is proposed to address this issue considering its "anchoring-desolvating-shielding" spatially configurated interface layer on the Zn electrode surface. In this interface layer, the sulfonic acid group enables CAPSO molecular strongly anchored on the Zn electrode surface, the amino and hydroxyl groups simultaneously facilitate desolvation and ionic transport, and the hydrophobic carbon ring as the shielding layer to create a local H₂O-poor environment. Under these synergistic effects, the Zn electrode demonstrates high stability, high areal capacity, high Zn utilization and anti-calendar aging performance. The symmetric cells show a long lifespan of 700 h at high current density of 20 mA cm^-2, 200 h under high areal capacity of 40 mAh cm^-2, 150 h at a high Zn utilization of 75% under 5 mA cm^-2/5 mAh cm^-2, and excellent anti-aging performance of 3000 h at 1 mA cm^-2/1 mAh cm^-2 with 24 h rest for each cycle; The full cell retains 73.73% of capacity over 200 cycles under low N/P = 2.5.