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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Breastfeeding and vitamin D.

Ju Sun Heo1, Young Min Ahn2, Ai-Rhan Ellen Kim3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
|December 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a growing concern in breastfed infants globally. This review examines VDD prevalence, breast milk vitamin D levels, and current supplementation guidelines for mothers and infants to prevent rickets.

Keywords:
BreastfeedingInfantVitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and rickets are re-emerging in breastfed infants worldwide.
  • Breastfed infants are highly susceptible due to low vitamin D in breast milk, limited sun exposure, and other factors.
  • VDD prevalence varies significantly across studies and nations, ranging from 0.6% to 91.1%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the global prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants.
  • To analyze the vitamin D content of human breast milk.
  • To summarize current international and domestic guidelines for vitamin D supplementation in lactating mothers and infants.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on vitamin D status in breastfed infants.
  • Analysis of reported vitamin D levels in breast milk.
  • Compilation and comparison of existing vitamin D supplementation recommendations.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants shows wide variation globally.
  • There is a lack of consensus on optimal vitamin D intake for lactating mothers (200–2,000 IU/day).
  • Recommended infant supplementation ranges from 200–1,200 IU/day, with 400 IU/day being a common international guideline.

Conclusions:

  • Direct infant supplementation is the primary strategy to ensure adequate vitamin D levels in breastfed infants.
  • Further domestic research is needed to establish clear guidelines for vitamin D status and supplementation in this population.
  • Addressing VDD in breastfed infants requires updated and consistent global and local recommendations.