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Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Mechanobiology of Tendon Impingement – A Multiaxial Murine Hind Limb Explant Model
Published on: December 8, 2023
The Role of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in Tendon Response to Subacromial Impingement: Evaluation Using a Mouse Model
Yulei Liu1,2, Xiang-Hua Deng1, Xueying Zhang1
1Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
Background:
The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tendinopathy due to subacromial supraspinatus tendon (SST) impingement and the response to subsequent removal of impingement remain unknown.
Purpose:
To investigate the involvement of Indian hedgehog (IHH) signaling in the development of SST tendinopathy and the subsequent healing process after the relief of subacromial impingement in a novel mouse shoulder impingement model.
Study Design:
Controlled laboratory study.
Methods:
A total of 48 male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Supraspinatus tendinopathy was induced by inserting a microsurgical clip into the subacromial space bilaterally. Eleven mice were sacrificed at 4 weeks after surgery to establish impingement baseline; 24 mice underwent clip removal at 4 weeks after surgery and then were euthanized at 2 or 4 weeks after clip removal. Thirteen mice without surgical intervention were utilized as the control group. All SSTs were evaluated with biomechanical testing; quantitative histomorphometry after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue, and picrosirius red; and immunohistochemical staining (factor VIII, IHH, Patched1 [PTCH1], and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 [GLI1]).
Results:
The mean failure force and stiffness in the 4-week impingement group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < .001) and gradually increased at 2 and 4 weeks after clip removal. Histological analysis demonstrated increased cellularity and disorganized collagen fibers in the SST, with higher modified Bonar scores at 4 weeks, followed by gradual improvement after clip removal. The IHH-positive area and PTCH1- and GLI1-positive cell percentages significantly increased after 4 weeks of clip impingement (20.64% vs 2.06%, P < .001; 53.9% vs 28.03%, P = .016; and 30% vs 12.19%, P = .036, respectively) and continuously increased after clip removal.
Conclusion:
The authors' findings suggest that the hedgehog signaling pathway and its downstream signaling mediator and target GLI1 may play a role in the development and healing process of rotator cuff tendinopathy due to extrinsic rotator cuff impingement.
Clinical Relevance:
This study suggests the potential for the hedgehog pathway, together with its downstream targets, as candidates for further study as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
