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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus
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Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up.

Sarah-Blythe Ballard1,2,3, David Requena1, Holger Mayta4,5

  • 1Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Pediatrics
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Norovirus genogroup II (GII) and sapovirus are now leading causes of pediatric gastroenteritis after rotavirus vaccine implementation. Both pathogens significantly contribute to severe disease, suggesting a need for multivalent vaccines.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Rotavirus vaccine implementation has altered the landscape of pediatric gastroenteritis pathogens.
  • Understanding these shifts is crucial for effective diarrhea burden reduction strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the post-vaccine enteropathogen landscape in pediatric gastroenteritis.
  • To determine the burden and severity of specific pathogens causing diarrhea in children.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 1788 children under 5 years old in Peru.
  • Stool testing for viruses, bacteria, and parasites, with coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions calculated.
  • Gastroenteritis severity assessed using Clark and Vesikari scales.

Main Results:

  • Norovirus GII (29.1%), rotavirus (8.9%), and sapovirus (6.3%) were significantly associated with gastroenteritis.
  • Norovirus GII and cases in 6-12 month olds showed higher severity scores.
  • Partially heterotypic rotavirus strain G12P[8] was the most frequent rotavirus type.

Conclusions:

  • Norovirus GII and sapovirus are major contributors to pediatric gastroenteritis after rotavirus vaccination.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering sapovirus in diarrhea burden reduction.
  • Multivalent vaccines targeting multiple caliciviruses may be beneficial in similar settings.