Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

19.8K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
19.8K
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

131.2K
Overview
131.2K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

12.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
12.0K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

3.4K
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
3.4K
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

4.6K
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
4.6K
Standard Error of the Mean01:13

Standard Error of the Mean

7.8K
The sampling variability of a statistic is defined as how much the statistic varies from one sample to another. The sampling variability of a statistic is typically measured by measuring its standard error.
The standard error of the mean is an example of a standard error. It is a unique standard deviation known as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean. The standard error of the mean is a statistic that calculates how correctly a sample distribution represents a...
7.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exploring the structure-function relationship in a hypothetical membrane protein from a nucleotide sequence.

Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology·2021
Same author

Experimental induction and mathematical modeling of <i>Ca</i><sup>2+</sup> dynamics in rat round spermatids.

Channels (Austin, Tex.)·2020
Same journal

Re-Engineering Wimsatt for Limited Beings.

Acta biotheoretica·2026
Same journal

Permanent Scaffolding of Social Expertise.

Acta biotheoretica·2026
Same journal

Who infects whom in an epidemic?

Acta biotheoretica·2026
Same journal

A Discrete Dynamical System Approach for Modeling Wolbachia Infection in Dioecious Populations.

Acta biotheoretica·2026
Same journal

Correction: The Emergence of Turing Instability and Pattern Formation in a Nonlinear Stochastic Spatiotemporal Epidemic Model with Reinfections.

Acta biotheoretica·2026
Same journal

Allele Frequency Spectra as a General Tool for Modeling Genetic Diversity.

Acta biotheoretica·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
10:36

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

12.2K

Average and Standard Deviation of the Error Function for Random Genetic Codes with Standard Stop Codons.

Dino G Salinas1

  • 1Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. dino.salinas@udp.cl.

Acta Biotheoretica
|December 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The genetic code

Keywords:
Error functionEvolutionGenetic codeOriginRandom

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms
09:30

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Published on: September 13, 2018

9.7K
Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
10:36

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

12.2K
Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms
09:30

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Published on: September 13, 2018

9.7K
Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • The origin of the genetic code is partly attributed to random codon assignments.
  • Francis Crick's "frozen accident" hypothesis suggests early, stable genetic code evolution.
  • Evidence indicates subsequent expansion and improvement of the genetic code.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a theoretical framework for analyzing random genetic codes.
  • To calculate statistical parameters of error functions for code robustness.
  • To explore the origin and evolution of the genetic code.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical framework for calculating statistical parameters of error functions.
  • Estimated functional code robustness using a known error function based on amino acid properties.
  • Employed analytical calculations to derive general expressions for average and standard deviation of error function distributions.

Main Results:

  • Obtained general expressions for the average and standard deviation of error function distributions for random genetic codes.
  • Provided a method to estimate functional code robustness for any given genetic code and amino acid property.
  • Established a framework for statistically analyzing hypothetical genetic codes.

Conclusions:

  • The study offers a mathematical approach to understanding the evolution of the genetic code.
  • Results can inform discussions on the advantages of natural selection in genetic code formation.
  • The framework allows for the analysis of diverse amino acid sets and properties in genetic code evolution.