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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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Hyperglycemic memory in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Jiabing Zhan1,2, Chen Chen1,2, Dao Wen Wang3,4

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.

Frontiers of Medicine
|December 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic cardiomyopathy persists despite controlled blood sugar due to hyperglycemic memory. This phenomenon explains ongoing cardiac damage in diabetes, highlighting the need for new therapeutic targets beyond glucose control.

Keywords:
diabetesdiabetic cardiomyopathyhyperglycemic memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in diabetes mellitus.
  • Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major cardiovascular complication.
  • Hyperglycemia drives cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on the mechanisms of hyperglycemic memory in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  • To explain why intensive glycemic control fails to prevent heart failure in diabetic patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multicenter randomized clinical studies.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological changes in the diabetic cardiovascular system.
  • Exploration of molecular pathways activated by hyperglycemia.

Main Results:

  • Intensive glycemic control does not reduce heart failure in diabetes.
  • Hyperglycemic stress persists in the cardiovascular system despite normal blood glucose levels.
  • The hyperglycemic memory phenomenon contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperglycemic memory is a critical factor in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  • Understanding HGM mechanisms is crucial for developing new diabetes therapies.
  • Targeting HGM may offer novel strategies to protect the diabetic heart.