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The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

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Robust Multi-TE ASL-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Measurements.

Amnah Mahroo1, Mareike Alicja Buck1,2, Jörn Huber1

  • 1MR Physics, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|December 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Multiple echo-time arterial spin labelling (multi-TE ASL) provides a reproducible, non-invasive method to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. An extended model improves accuracy in measuring exchange time (Texch), a key indicator of BBB permeability.

Keywords:
T2 relaxationarterial spin labelling (ASL) MRIblood–brain barrier (BBB)exchange timemulti-TE ASLpermeability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Multiple echo-time arterial spin labelling (multi-TE ASL) quantifies blood-tissue exchange dynamics by analyzing T2 relaxation of labelled spins.
  • Accurate assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is crucial for understanding neurological conditions.
  • Existing models may not fully account for intra-voxel transit time (ITT) effects, potentially impacting exchange time (Texch) measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a robust method for assessing exchange time (Texch) as a proxy for blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity using multi-TE ASL.
  • To introduce an extended two-compartment model incorporating intra-voxel transit time (ITT) to differentiate tissue transit and exchange mechanisms.
  • To evaluate the test-retest reliability and precision of the enhanced multi-TE ASL method for Texch and ITT measurements.

Main Methods:

  • A novel multi-TE ASL scan protocol was implemented.
  • An extended two-compartment model, including ITT, was developed and compared to the standard two-compartment model via simulations.
  • In vivo data (n=10) were acquired using multi-TE ASL with varying bolus durations, fitting for cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and Texch, with the extended model also providing ITT.

Main Results:

  • The extended model demonstrated improved performance in simulations.
  • Mean grey matter Texch and ITT were measured at 227.9 ± 37.9 ms and 310.3 ± 52.9 ms, respectively.
  • Texch estimated by the extended model was significantly lower (32.6 ± 5.9%) than the standard model, with excellent test-retest reliability (intra-session CoV: 6.6%, inter-session CoV: 7.9%, inter-visit CoV: 8.4%).

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced multi-TE ASL method, incorporating ITT, offers a reproducible and non-invasive approach to measure BBB permeability.
  • This improved technique provides a more accurate estimation of Texch by accounting for intra-voxel transit effects.
  • The findings support the potential of this multi-TE ASL approach as a valuable biomarker in clinical research for assessing BBB integrity.