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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...
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A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...
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Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

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When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
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Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Electroferrofluids with nonequilibrium voltage-controlled magnetism, diffuse interfaces, and patterns.

Tomy Cherian1, Fereshteh Sohrabi1, Carlo Rigoni1

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo 02150, Finland.

Science Advances
|December 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Uniform colloidal dispersions can be driven into unique nonequilibrium states, exhibiting emergent behaviors like voltage-controlled magnetism and novel dissipative patterns. This research opens new avenues for functional colloids beyond thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid Science
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Driving matter to nonequilibrium states can yield emergent behaviors and functionalities.
  • Uniform colloidal dispersions typically exist in equilibrium states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that uniform colloidal dispersions can be driven into dissipative nonuniform states with emergent behaviors.
  • To explore voltage-controlled magnetism and novel dissipative patterns in such systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimentally driving weakly charged superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a nonpolar solvent using electric fields.
  • Analyzing the formation of nonequilibrium concentration gradients and their impact on magnetic properties.
  • Quantifying dissipation and linking it to observed pattern formation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved dissipative nonuniform states from uniform colloidal dispersions.
  • Observed voltage-controlled magnetization and susceptibility.
  • Discovered novel dissipative patterns arising from concentration gradients acting as diffuse interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Uniform colloidal dispersions can be controllably driven into functional nonequilibrium states.
  • This approach enables emergent properties like voltage-controlled magnetism and responsive patterns.
  • The concept is generalizable to various functional colloids for diverse responses beyond equilibrium limitations.