Construction of Photoelectrochemical DNA Biosensors Based on TiO₂@Carbon Dots@Black Phosphorous Quantum Dots

In this work, carbon dots (CDs) and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) were used to decorate titanium dioxide to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the nanocomposites (TiO₂@CDs@BPQDs), and the modified nanocomposites were used to sensitively detect DNA. We used the hydrothermal method and citric acid as a raw material to prepare CDs with good dispersion and strong fluorescence properties. BPQDs with a uniform particle size were prepared from black phosphorus crystals. The nanocomposites were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The preparation method of the working electrode was explored, the detection conditions were optimized, and the sensitive detection of target DNA was achieved. The results demonstrate that CDs and BPQDs with good optical properties were successfully prepared, and they were successfully combined with TiO₂ to improve the PEC performance of TiO₂@CDs@BPQDs. The TiO₂-based PEC DNA detection method was constructed with a detection limit of 8.39 nM. The constructed detection method has many advantages, including good sensitivity, a wide detection range, and good specificity. This work provides a promising PEC strategy for the detection of other biomolecules.