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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
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Hemagglutination Detection with Paper-Plastic Hybrid Passive Microfluidic Chip.

Mahdee Samae1, Surapong Chatpun1, Somyot Chirasatitsin1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand.

Micromachines
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel paper-plastic hybrid passive device (PPHD) for blood typing. The PPHD simplifies hemagglutination testing, enabling accurate blood group classification without complex equipment.

Keywords:
blood agglutinationblood groupingcapillary-driven microfluidicshybrid microfluidic chipxurographic technique

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hemagglutination is crucial for blood typing, but current methods face limitations like manual observation and complex equipment.
  • Existing blood typing devices struggle with ease of use, sample manipulation, and the need for large-scale machinery.
  • There is a need for simplified, cost-effective, and accessible blood typing technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, fabricate, and evaluate a novel hybrid passive microfluidic chip for blood typing.
  • To develop a cost-effective and user-friendly device for hemagglutination assays.
  • To demonstrate the potential of the device for simplified blood biomarker analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid passive microfluidic chip (PPHD) was fabricated using filter paper and polymer via xurography.
  • The PPHD incorporates dried antibodies in a paper component and a polymer detection zone.
  • Blood samples were analyzed by injecting them into the PPHD and assessing agglutination via mean intensity imaging.

Main Results:

  • The PPHD successfully induced red blood cell (RBC) agglutination using embedded antibodies without saline washing.
  • Blood typing results (agglutination vs. non-agglutination) were clearly discernible by both naked eye and mean intensity analysis.
  • The device demonstrated efficient quantitative hemagglutination measurement, proving its potential for blood typing.

Conclusions:

  • The developed paper-plastic hybrid passive device (PPHD) offers a simplified and effective method for blood typing.
  • This technology overcomes limitations of existing blood typing devices, offering a cost-effective solution.
  • The PPHD shows promise for advancing blood biomarker analysis and point-of-care diagnostics.