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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Gut Microbiota Composition across Normal Range Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels.

Han-Na Kim1,2, Jae-Heon Kim3, Yoosoo Chang2,4,5

  • 1Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels correlate with gut microbiome patterns in men. Higher PSA levels were linked to increased microbial richness and specific bacterial changes, suggesting a U-shaped relationship.

Keywords:
16S rRNAandrogen receptor activitygut microbiotaprostate-specific antigen

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Andrology
  • Human physiology

Background:

  • Animal studies suggest androgens and gut microbiota interact.
  • Limited human data exists on this relationship.
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels reflect androgen receptor activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and gut microbiota composition in men.
  • To explore how PSA levels, within the normal range, relate to gut microbial biodiversity and taxonomic/functional signatures.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of 759 Korean men aged 25-78 years with normal PSA (≤4.0 ng/mL).
  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing used to analyze gut microbiota composition and biodiversity.
  • PSA levels categorized into quartiles (lowest, interquartile range, highest) for comparison.

Main Results:

  • The highest PSA quartile group showed greater microbial richness but was dominated by fewer bacterial species.
  • Increased abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and decreased abundance of Megamonas were observed in the highest PSA quartile.
  • A U-shaped relationship was found between PSA levels and gut microbiota across biodiversity, taxonomy, and functional pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Normal range PSA levels are associated with distinct gut microbiota patterns.
  • Gut microbiota composition varies significantly even within the normal range of PSA.
  • Further research is needed to understand the role of the gut microbiota in regulating PSA levels.