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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

21.8K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.3K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
1.3K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

723
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
723
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

19.9K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
19.9K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

9.8K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
9.8K
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

527
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
527

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Updated: Oct 9, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Ru(III) Complexes with Lonidamine-Modified Ligands.

Ilya A Shutkov1, Yulia N Okulova1, Vladimir Yu Tyurin1

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Fine Organic Synthesis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New ruthenium(III) complexes with lonidamine ligands show enhanced anticancer activity and reduced toxicity compared to existing treatments. Their mechanism involves metal atom reduction, offering a promising new avenue for cancer therapy.

Keywords:
antiproliferative activitycell deathlonidamineredox balancethioredoxin reductase

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Last Updated: Oct 9, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Lonidamine is a known inhibitor of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells.
  • Ruthenium complexes are explored for their therapeutic potential in oncology.
  • Bifunctional agents combining metal complexes with bioactive ligands offer novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel bifunctional ruthenium(III) complexes incorporating lonidamine-modified ligands.
  • To evaluate the antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and mechanistic properties of these new complexes.
  • To assess the in vivo toxicity and stability of the most promising candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ru(III) complexes with lonidamine-modified ligands.
  • Characterization of redox properties using cyclic voltammetry.
  • In vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxicity assays against cancer cell lines.
  • In vivo acute toxicity studies in Balb/c mice.

Main Results:

  • New Ru(III)-lonidamine complexes exhibited enhanced antiproliferative potency and cytotoxicity compared to lonidamine and cisplatin.
  • Complex stability, cellular uptake, apoptosis induction, and thioredoxin reductase inhibition correlated positively with linker length.
  • The mechanism of action appears to involve activation via metal atom reduction.
  • A selected complex showed no acute toxicity in mice at non-solubility-altering concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • The novel bifunctional Ru(III)-lonidamine complexes represent a promising class of anticancer agents with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
  • Further investigation into their therapeutic potential and detailed mechanism of action is warranted.
  • Linker length is a critical factor in optimizing the activity and properties of these complexes.