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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

660
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
660
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

510
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
510
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

335
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
335
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

1.1K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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An Elusive Seizure.

Harry J Han1, Anna L Parks1, Maulik P Shah2

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

The Neurohospitalist
|December 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare neuro-inflammatory syndrome caused recurrent seizures and systemic symptoms in a healthy woman. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with steroids and IVIG led to symptom improvement, highlighting the importance of repeated studies for complex cases.

Keywords:
cerebral microhemorrhagesclinical reasoningcytopeniahematologyhemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisseizure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neuro-inflammatory syndromes can present with diverse systemic and neurological symptoms.
  • Cytopenias and neurological abnormalities necessitate a thorough differential diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a complex case of a neuro-inflammatory syndrome with cytopenias and systemic symptoms.
  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges and stepwise approach for unexplained neuro-inflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 62-year-old woman with recurrent seizures, cognitive slowing, ataxia, night sweats, and weight loss.
  • Utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) for neuroimaging.
  • Reviewed differential diagnoses with hematology and oncology experts.

Main Results:

  • Patient presented with cytopenias and multifocal T2/FLAIR hyperintensities on MRI, with magnetic susceptibility artifact lesions on SWI.
  • Initial improvement with high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), followed by recurrence.
  • Extensive work-up, hospitalizations, and repeated diagnostic studies were required to establish the final diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • The case underscores the utility of empiric treatment response and repeated diagnostic studies in refining differential diagnoses for complex neuro-inflammatory syndromes.
  • Highlights the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of this disease process and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.