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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.0K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration01:18

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration

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Coulometric titrations are a form of titrimetric analysis where the reagent is generated electrically, and its amount is evaluated based on current and generating time. The electron serves as the standard reagent. The procedure is similar to conventional titrations, such as endpoint detection.
The fundamental requirements for coulometric titrations are (1) 100% efficiency in the reagent-generating electrode reaction and (2) a stoichiometric and preferably rapid reaction between the generated...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.1K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.1K
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

5.4K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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Two-point coupling method to independently control coupling efficiency at different wavelengths.

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    This study introduces a two-point coupling method for microcavities, enabling independent control of light coupling efficiency across various wavelengths for enhanced optical access and device performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and optical engineering
    • Microcavity physics
    • Waveguide-resonator coupling

    Background:

    • Efficiently accessing light waves in high-quality-factor (Q) microcavities across a broad spectrum requires wavelength-specific coupling control.
    • Current methods often lack the independent tunability needed for advanced photonic applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel approach for independently controlling coupling efficiency at multiple wavelengths in microcavities.
    • To introduce an additional degree of freedom for manipulating light coupling into high-Q microcavities.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a two-point coupling geometry for waveguide-microcavity interaction.
    • Utilizing phase difference manipulation between two coupling paths to control coupling efficiencies.
    • Development of an analytic model to describe the coupling properties.
    • Experimental validation of the proposed model and method.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated ability to achieve various combinations of coupling efficiencies at multiple wavelengths by adjusting the phase difference.
    • The analytic model accurately predicts the coupling behavior.
    • Coupling properties can be further tuned by altering the effective refractive index difference between the waveguide and resonator.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed two-point coupling geometry offers a flexible and effective method for independent wavelength-dependent control of coupling efficiency in microcavities.
    • This technique enhances light access to microcavities over a wide spectral range, paving the way for improved photonic device design and performance.