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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
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Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets

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Epigenome rewiring in human pluripotent stem cells.

Jielin Yan1, Danwei Huangfu2

  • 1Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|December 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The epigenome guides embryonic development by controlling gene activity. Advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation and epigenome mapping reveal chromatin changes during development and disease.

Keywords:
3D genomeCRISPRenhancersepigenomehuman pluripotent stem cells (hPSC)

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • The epigenome regulates gene expression and is crucial for embryonic development.
  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a model for studying human development and epigenomic changes.
  • Aberrant epigenetic modifications are linked to various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss technological advances in epigenomic mapping and perturbation for studying human development.
  • To highlight the role of chromatin landscape remodeling during human development.
  • To explore implications for disease modeling and therapeutic translation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing stepwise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
  • Employing advanced epigenomic mapping techniques.
  • Applying targeted perturbation technologies, including CRISPR.

Main Results:

  • Recent technological progress provides a deeper understanding of epigenomic events during human development.
  • Dynamic changes in the chromatin landscape are observed during lineage transitions.
  • These insights have implications for understanding disease-associated epigenetic rewiring.

Conclusions:

  • Continued innovation in hPSC differentiation, epigenome mapping, and CRISPR technologies will advance developmental epigenetics.
  • These advancements will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of developmental epigenomic mechanisms.
  • This research paves the way for flexible disease modeling and potential therapeutic applications.