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Related Concept Videos

Transmission of Pathogens01:24

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons
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Zika Virus Overview: Transmission, Origin, Pathogenesis, Animal Model and Diagnosis.

Dallas Vue1, Qiyi Tang1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW Washington, DC 20059, USA.

Zoonoses (Shannon, Ireland)
|December 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Zika virus (ZIKV) disrupts centrosome organization, leading to neural progenitor cell abnormalities and microcephaly. This review details ZIKV

Keywords:
Zika virus (ZIKV) centrosomeflavivirusmicrocephaly

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Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus, gained global attention after its association with congenital abnormalities.
  • Transmission occurs primarily through mosquito bites, with sexual and breastfeeding routes also noted.
  • ZIKV's impact on congenital neurodevelopmental defects, particularly microcephaly, necessitates understanding its cellular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Zika virus.
  • To review the history, transmission, pathogenesis, animal models, and diagnosis of ZIKV.
  • To highlight the critical role of ZIKV's interaction with centrosome organization in neural development.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Information was gathered on ZIKV history, transmission, and pathogenesis.
  • Studies on ZIKV's effect on centrosome organization and neural progenitor cells were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • ZIKV disrupts centrosome organization, causing mitotic abnormalities.
  • Disruption leads to altered neural progenitor differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis.
  • These cellular events result in abnormal neural development and microcephaly.

Conclusions:

  • ZIKV infection poses a significant threat to neurodevelopment.
  • Understanding ZIKV's pathogenesis, especially its effect on centrosomes, is crucial for developing interventions.
  • Further research into ZIKV-host interactions is warranted to combat associated congenital defects.