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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Exercise Effects on Bone Mineral Density in Men.

Michelle Mages1, Mahdieh Shojaa1,2, Matthias Kohl3

  • 1Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.

Nutrients
|December 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exercise shows a small but significant positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD) in men. However, specific exercise recommendations for improving male BMD are not yet possible.

Keywords:
bone mineral densityexercisemenoverview

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise science
  • Bone metabolism
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Evidence for exercise's positive impact on bone mineral density (BMD) is well-established in postmenopausal women, but remains limited in men.
  • Potential reasons for limited evidence in men include a scarcity of studies and significant variability in study designs and participant characteristics.
  • A need exists for a systematic evaluation of exercise interventions on BMD in men, employing rigorous eligibility criteria to clarify its effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) changes in men.
  • To establish rational eligibility criteria for including relevant studies in the analysis.
  • To synthesize findings from controlled trials to determine the impact of exercise on BMD in adult males.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across six electronic databases up to March 15, 2021.
  • Included studies were controlled trials of at least six months duration, assessing areal BMD changes in men over 18 years old without relevant medical conditions or therapies affecting bone metabolism.
  • Outcomes focused on standardized mean differences (SMD) in BMD for the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN).

Main Results:

  • Twelve studies comprising 16 exercise and 12 control groups were analyzed.
  • The pooled meta-analysis revealed a significant, albeit low, effect of exercise on BMD, with SMD = 0.38 (95%-CI: 0.14-0.61) for LS and SMD = 0.25 (95%-CI: 0.00-0.49) for FN.
  • Low to moderate heterogeneity was observed between trials. Evidence of small study publication bias was noted for LS-BMD but not FN-BMD.

Conclusions:

  • This systematic review and meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting a low but significant positive effect of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in men.
  • Subgroup analyses based on study length, exercise type, and methodological quality did not reveal significant differences in outcomes.
  • Currently, specific exercise recommendations for optimizing BMD in male populations cannot be definitively provided due to the existing data.