Emergence of a Distinct Picobirnavirus Genotype Circulating in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Illness

Picobirnaviruses (PBV) are found in a wide range of hosts and typically associated with gastrointestinal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Here, a divergent PBV genome was assembled from a patient hospitalized for acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Colombia. The RdRp protein branched with sequences previously reported in patients with ARI from Cambodia and China. Sputa from hospitalized individuals (n = 130) were screened by RT-qPCR which enabled detection and subsequent metagenomic characterization of 25 additional PBV infections circulating in Colombia and the US. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp highlighted the emergence of two dominant lineages linked to the index case and Asian strains, which together clustered as a distinct genotype. Bayesian inference further established capsid and RdRp sequences as both significantly associated with ARI. Various respiratory-tropic pathogens were detected in PBV+ patients, yet no specific bacteria was common among them and four individuals lacked co-infections, suggesting PBV may not be a prokaryotic virus nor exclusively opportunistic, respectively. Competing models for the origin and transmission of this PBV genotype are presented that attempt to reconcile vectoring by a bacterial host with human pathogenicity. A high prevalence in patients with ARI, an ability to reassort, and demonstrated global spread indicate PBV warrant greater public health concern.